Promotion of full-scale constructed wetlands in the wine sector: Comparison of greenhouse gas emissions with activated sludge systems

The aim of this study was to quantify and compare greenhouse gas (GHG) (i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) methane (CH4)) emissions from two full-scale winery wastewater sludge treatment systems constructed wetlands (CWs) activated system) located in Galicia (Spain). GHG fluxes were measured using the static chamber method combination with an on-site Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyser CWs system. These innovative techniques proved be very accurate reliable. In systems, floating FTIR used. Measurements carried out during vintage season, when has highest flow loads, rest year. Emission rates CO2, N2O CH4 units vertical flow, horizontal subsurface wetlands) ranged 1.35E+02 7.54E+04, 1.70E-01 3.09E+01 ? 3.05E+01 1.79E+03 mg m?2 day?1, respectively. case reactor, secondary settler storage tank) emission 1.56E+04 1.43E+05, 1.13E+01 4.75E+01 2.52E+01 1.01E+03 Seasonally, daily instantaneous variability as well spatial found. Comparing system, surface lower system both seasons considered. Results highlighted that are suitable technologies can help reduce associated treatment.